Abstract State of charge (SOC) estimation for lithium ion batteries plays a critical role in battery management systems for electric vehicles. Battery fractional order models (FOMs) which come from frequency-domain modelling have provided a distinct insight into SOC estimation. In this article. we compare five state-of-the-art FOMs in terms of SOC estimation. https://www.bekindtopets.com/limited-time-Gorra-Raul-Tan-special-save/